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<style type="text/css">
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.reveal img{ max-height: 60vh}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="reveal">
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@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="zoom">
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<h1>LINUX</h1>
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<h3>Das universelle Betriebssystem</h3>
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<p>Eine Einführung - Teil 7
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<p>Eine Einführung - Teil 8
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<p>
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<small>Deutsche Angestellten Akademie</small>
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</p>
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@@ -51,50 +53,293 @@
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="lightblue" data-background-transition="zoom">
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<h2 style="text-shadow: 5px 4px 15px black;">Einstieg in die Systemverwaltung</h2>
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<h2 style="text-shadow: 5px 4px 15px black;">Systemverwaltung</h2>
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</section>
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<section>
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Begriff: daemon
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<p>Ein Systemdienst der automatisch startet und ohne Eingriffe arbeitet ( meistens :-) )
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<p>vgl. Dienste unter Windows
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<p>Name endet oft mit „d“
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<ul>
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<li>systemd - ...
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<li>sshd - SSH Server Daemon
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<li>dockerd - docker daemon
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<li>smbd - SAMBA File Server
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<li>ntpd - Network Time Protocal Daemon
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<li>atd - at Daemon
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</section>
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<section style="">
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<p>Begriff: Runlevel</p>
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<table class="prettytable" style=" font-size: .4em; border:solid 2px #677089;">
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<tbody><tr style="">
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<th style="line-height:2.5em;">Runlevel</th>
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<th>Beschreibung
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</th></tr>
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<tr style="border-bottom:solid 2px #AAAAAA;">
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">0
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Shutdown. Alle Netzverbindungen werden geschlossen, Dateipuffer werden geschrieben, Mounts auf Partitionen werden entfernt (d. h. die im Verzeichnisbaum eingebundenen Datenträger werden ausgehängt).
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</td></tr>
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<tr style="border-bottom:solid 2px #AAAAAA;">
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">S
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Single-User-Runlevel; niedrigster Systemzustand für Wartungsarbeiten, in dem ausschließlich Systemressourcen wie <a href="/wiki/Festplatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Festplatten">Festplatten</a> oder <a href="/wiki/Dateisystem" title="Dateisystem">Dateisysteme</a> aktiv sind.
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</td></tr>
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<tr style="border-bottom:solid 2px #AAAAAA;">
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">1
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Einzelnutzerbetrieb ohne Netzwerk mit ausschließlich lokalen Ressourcen. In vielen Implementierungen identisch mit 'S'.
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</td></tr>
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<tr style="border-bottom:solid 2px #AAAAAA;">
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">2
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Lokaler Mehrnutzerbetrieb ohne Netzwerk mit ausschließlich lokalen Ressourcen. Unter einigen Linuxdistributionen (z. B. Debian) wird in Runlevel 2 auch das Netzwerk konfiguriert.
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</td></tr>
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<tr style="border-bottom:solid 2px #AAAAAA;">
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">3
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Netzwerkbetrieb, über das Netzwerk erreichbare Ressourcen sind nutzbar, eine grafische Oberfläche steht nicht zur Verfügung. Firewalls sollten aktiviert werden.
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</td></tr>
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<tr style="border-bottom:solid 2px #AAAAAA;">
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">4
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Ist normalerweise nicht definiert. Kann aber für diverse Dienste genutzt werden.
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</td></tr>
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<tr style="border-bottom:solid 2px #AAAAAA;">
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">5
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Wie 3, zusätzlich wird die grafische Oberfläche bereitgestellt.
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;">6
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</td>
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<td style="padding:4px 8px;line-height:118%;">Reboot. Alle Netzverbindungen werden geschlossen, Dateipuffer werden geschrieben, Mounts auf Partitionen werden entfernt.
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</td></tr></tbody></table>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 5 - systemd</h2>
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</section>
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<section>
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<ul>
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<li class="">Relativ neu
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<li class="fragment">bricht mit alter Linux Philosophie:<br> -- do one thing and do it well --
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<li class="fragment">Sysvinit funktioniert über Shell Scripte, die nacheinander abgearbeitet werden
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<li class="fragment">Systemd ist schneller - startet Dienste parallel
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<li class="fragment">Kritik : übernimmt sehr viel Kontrolle - single point of failure
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<li class="fragment">zB Gnome3 ist abhängig von systemd
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<li class="fragment">-->Abspaltungen: Devuan - nutzt weiterhin Sysvinit
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<li class="fragment">Standard in : Debian RedHat Suse Ubuntu
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</section>
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<section>
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<p>systemd ist organisiert mit
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment">units - einzelne Dienste
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<li class="fragment">targets - Gruppen von Diensten, Systemzustände
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<ul><li>entspr. runlevel unter Sysvinit</li></ul>
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</ul>
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<p>
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<div class="fragment">
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Dateien:
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<p>/lib/systemd/system/ -> default
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<p>/etc/systemd/system/ -> custom
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Informationen anzeigen</h3>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">Systemstatus anzeigen:<pre><code>systemctl status</code></pre></li>
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<li class="fragment ">Liste der fehlgeschlagenene Units <pre><code>systemctl --failed</code></pre></li>
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<li class="fragment ">Liste aller installierter Units<pre><code>systemctl list-unit-files</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Dienste Steuern</h3>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">Laufende Dienste anzeigen:<pre><code>systemctl</code></pre></li>
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<li class="fragment ">Eine Unit starten <pre><code>systemctl start DIENST</code></pre></li>
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<li class="fragment ">Eine Unit neu starten<pre><code>systemctl restart DIENST</code></pre></li>
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<li class="fragment ">Unit Status anzeigen<pre><code>systemctl status DIENST</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">Dienst Autostart anschalten<pre><code>systemctl enable DIENST</code></pre></li>
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<li class="fragment ">Dienst Autostart anschalten und sofort starten<pre><code>systemctl enable --now DIENST</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>Eine unit</h3>
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<pre style="font-size: .4em"><code>[Unit]
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Description=OpenBSD Secure Shell server
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After=network.target auditd.service
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ConditionPathExists=!/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run
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[Service]
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EnvironmentFile=-/etc/default/ssh
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ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/sshd -t
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ExecStart=/usr/sbin/sshd -D $SSHD_OPTS
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ExecReload=/usr/sbin/sshd -t
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ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
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KillMode=process
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Restart=on-failure
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RestartPreventExitStatus=255
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Type=notify
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RuntimeDirectory=sshd
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RuntimeDirectoryMode=0755
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[Install]
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WantedBy=multi-user.target
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Alias=sshd.service
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<span style="color: orange">Aufgabe:</span> Erstellt eine Unit und startet sie.
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<div class="fragment">
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<code style="font-size: .5em">/etc/systemd/system/simple-webserver.service</code>
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<pre><code>[Unit]
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Description=Simple Web Server
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[Service]
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Type=simple
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ExecStart=/home/USERNAME-HIER-EINSETZEN/hello-web.sh
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[Install]
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WantedBy=multi-user.target
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</code></pre>
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<code style="font-size: .5em">~/hello-web.sh</code>
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<pre><code>#!/bin/bash
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cd /home/
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python3 -m http.server 8082 </code></pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre><code>systemctl start simple-webserver.service</code></pre>
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<pre><code>systemctl status simple-webserver.service</code></pre>
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Wenn das gescheitert sein sollte:
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<pre><code>journalctl -xe </code></pre>
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<pre><code>journalctl --unit=simple-webserver.service </code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>Browser öffnen: <code>http://localhost:8082/BENUTZERNAME</code></section>
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<section><h4>Ändern der Standard-Units</h4>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment "> <pre><code>systemctl edit unit</code></pre></li>
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<li class="fragment "> Öffnet <code>/etc/systemd/system/unit.d/override.conf</code></li>
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<li class="fragment ">UnDo: <pre><code>systemctl revert unit</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>Ensprechenungen der alten Runlevel und der neuen Targets</h4>
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<table class="wikitable" style="font-size:.4em">
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<tbody><tr>
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<th>SysV Runlevel</th>
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<th>systemd Target</th>
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<th>Notes
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</th></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>0</td>
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<td>runlevel0.target, poweroff.target</td>
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<td>Halt the system.
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>1, s, single</td>
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<td>runlevel1.target, rescue.target</td>
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<td>Single user mode.
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>2, 4</td>
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<td>runlevel2.target, runlevel4.target, multi-user.target</td>
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<td>User-defined/Site-specific runlevels. By default, identical to 3.
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>3</td>
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<td>runlevel3.target, multi-user.target</td>
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<td>Multi-user, non-graphical. Users can usually login via multiple consoles or via the network.
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>5</td>
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<td>runlevel5.target, graphical.target</td>
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<td>Multi-user, graphical. Usually has all the services of runlevel 3 plus a graphical login.
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>6</td>
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<td>runlevel6.target, reboot.target</td>
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<td>Reboot
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</td></tr>
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<tr>
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<td>emergency</td>
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<td>emergency.target</td>
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<td>Emergency shell
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</td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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</section>
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<section>
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Ausserdem:
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">mount -> systemd kann Dateisysteme mounten</li>
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<li class="fragment ">timer -> systemd kann cron ersetzen</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>journalctl</h4>
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Das logging system moderner Linux Distributionen.
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>systemctl</h4>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 3 - daemons</h2>
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<h2>Part 5 - daemons</h2>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 4 - Uhrzeit und Datum</h2>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 5 - Zeitgesteuerte Jobs</h2>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 6 - Cron</h2>
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<h2>Part 6 - Uhrzeit und Datum</h2>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 7 - Startup / Shutdown</h2>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>Der Boot-Ablauf mit systemd</h4>
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<img style="max-height: 50vh" src="img/startup-systemd.png">
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<p><small> Das initramfs ist ein komprimiertes Archiv, das für den Systemstart benötigte Dateien enthält.</small>
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</section>
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</div>
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</div>
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<script src="lib/js/head.min.js"></script>
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