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<!doctype html>
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<html lang="de">
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>Einführung in Linux</title>
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<meta name="description" content="YALC - Yet Another Linux Course ">
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<meta name="author" content="Daniel Schubert">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
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<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/theme/league.css" id="theme">
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<link rel="icon" href="img/openlogo-nd-25.png" type="img/png">
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var link = document.createElement( 'link' );
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link.rel = 'stylesheet';
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</script>
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<style type="text/css">
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.reveal img{ max-height: 60vh}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="reveal">
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<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
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<div class="slides">
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="zoom">
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<h1>LINUX</h1>
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<h3>Das universelle Betriebssystem</h3>
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<p>Eine Einführung - Teil 9
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<p>
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<small>Deutsche Angestellten Akademie</small>
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</p>
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<aside class="notes">
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Frage: Fragen zur letzten Stunde?
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</aside>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="lightblue" data-background-transition="zoom">
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<h2 style="text-shadow: 5px 4px 15px black;">Systemverwaltung</h2>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 8 - Netzwerke</h2>
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</section>
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<section>Netzwerke</section>
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<section>IP Adressen</section>
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<section>SSH</section>
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</div>
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</div>
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<script src="lib/js/head.min.js"></script>
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<script src="js/reveal.js"></script>
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<script>
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// More info https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#configuration
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Reveal.initialize({
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controls: true,
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history: true,
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center: true,
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transition: 'slide', // none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom
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// More info https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#dependencies
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dependencies: [
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{ src: 'lib/js/classList.js', condition: function() { return !document.body.classList; } },
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{ src: 'plugin/markdown/marked.js', condition: function() { return !!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
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{ src: 'plugin/highlight/highlight.js', async: true, callback: function() { hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad(); } },
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{ src: 'plugin/zoom-js/zoom.js', async: true },
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{ src: 'plugin/notes/notes.js', async: true }
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]
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});
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</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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<section>Reihenfolge kann sich beim Umstecken ändern.<br>For the rescue: UUID
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<section>Reihenfolge kann sich beim Umstecken ändern.<br>For the rescue: UUID
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<pre><code>ls -Lr /dev/disk/</code></pre></section>
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<pre><code>ls -Lr /dev/disk/</code></pre></section>
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<section>fstab, partitionieren, mounten</section>
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</div>
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</div>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="lightblue" data-background-transition="zoom">
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="lightblue" data-background-transition="zoom">
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<h2 style="text-shadow: 5px 4px 15px black;">Systemverwaltung</h2>
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<h2 style="text-shadow: 5px 4px 15px black;">Systemverwaltung</h2>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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Dateisysteme mounten
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h2>Part 7 - Dateisysteme Fortsetzung</h2>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section>
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Partitionen mit systemd mounten
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<img src="img/suprised-cat.jpg">
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</section>
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<section>
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<code>/etc/systemd/system/mnt-backups.mount</code>
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<pre><code>[Unit]
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Description=Mount System Backups Directory
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[Mount]
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What=/dev/disk/by-uuid/86fef3b2-bdc9-47fa-bbb1-4e528a89d222
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Where=/mnt/backups
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Type=ext4
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Options=defaults
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[Install]
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WantedBy=multi-user.target</code></pre>
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<pre><code>systemctl start mnt-backups.mount </code></pre>
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<pre><code>systemctl status mnt-backups.mount </code></pre>
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<div class="fragment">Mount Units müssen heissen wie das mount point Verzeichnis.: <br><code>/mnt/backups -> mnt-backups.mount</code></div>
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<aside class="notes">die Jungs das mache nlassen</aside>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>ISO Mounten - Bootstick machen</h4>
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<div style="color: orange">Aufgabe:</div>
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<ul style="font-size: .8em">
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<li class="">Ladet das aktuelle DVD Image von Knoppix herunter.</li>
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<li>http://www.knopper.net/knoppix/</li>
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<li class=" ">Verifiziert den Download anhand der sha1 checksum.</li>
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<li><pre><code>sha1sum -c datei.sha1</code></pre></li>
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<li class=" ">Mountet es im Verzeichnis ~/knoppix.</li>
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<li class=" "><pre><code>sudo mount -o loop .....</code></pre></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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Erstellt einen Bootbaren USB-Stick aus dem Image mit <code>dd</code>
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<pre><code>sudo dd if=KNOPPIX.iso of=/dev/USBSTICK bs=2MB status=progress</code></pre>
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<span style="color: red">ACHTUNG: Ziel überprüfen!!1!</span>
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<p>
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<span style="color: green">Versucht ob der Bootstick bootet ;-)</span>
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<p style="font-size: .6em">https://wiki.archlinux.de/title/Image-Erstellung_mit_dd
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h4>quota</h4>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">Beschränkung von :
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">Speicherplatz</li>
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<li class="fragment ">Anzahl der Dateien</li>
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</ul>
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<li class="fragment ">per User oder per Group</li>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div> Übung: Einrichten von Quotas auf einem isolierten Dateisystem</div>
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</section>
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<section><pre><code>sudo apt-get install quota</code></pre></section>
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<section style="font-size:.9em">
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<p>Verzeichnisse erstellen
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<pre><code>sudo mkdir /quota
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sudo mkdir -p /usr/disk-img
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</code></pre>
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<p>Erstellen einer 20 MB grossen Datei.<br>Dient als isoliertes Dateisystem.
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<pre><code>
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sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/usr/disk-img/disk-quota.ext3 count=40960
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</code></pre>
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dd benutzt eine block size von 512 bytes. 40960*512=20971520.
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<pre><code>ls -lh /usr/disk-img/disk-quota.ext3</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div>Formatieren der Datei als ext3
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<pre><code>sudo mkfs -t ext3 -q /usr/disk-img/disk-quota.ext3 -F </code></pre>
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<div>in die /etc/fstab
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<pre style="width: 80vw"><code>/usr/disk-img/disk-quota.ext3 /quota ext3 rw,loop,usrquota,grpquota 0 0 </code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div>mounten
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<pre><code>sudo mount /quota</code></pre>
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<div>prüfen
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<pre><code>grep 'quota' /proc/mounts</code></pre>
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<pre><code>mount | grep '/quota'</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div>Gruppe erstellen, Benutzer hinzufügen
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<pre><code>sudo groupadd quotagrp
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sudo usermod -G quotagrp USERNAME </code></pre>
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<div>Verzeichnis erstellen, Rechte setzen
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<pre><code>sudo mkdir -p /quota/share
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sudo chown -R root.quotagrp /quota/share
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sudo chmod 2775 /quota/share
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<pre><code>ls -ld /quota/share
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drwxrwsr-x 2 root quotagrp 1024 Jul 19 15:16 /quota/share/
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^---------- beachtet das s, setgid bit, von chmod 2775</code></pre>
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Damit die neuen Rechte wirksam werden muss der betr. User neu angemeldet werden, oder:
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<pre><code>su - USER</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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2 Dateien als quota konfiguration erstellen : aquota.group aquota.user
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<pre><code>sudo quotacheck -cug /quota</code></pre>
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Quota bearbeiten:
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<pre><code>sudo edquota -f /quota USER</code></pre>
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<pre><code>Disk quotas for user USER (uid 500):
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Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
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/dev/loop0 0 100 200 0 10 15
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p>Quota einschalten:
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<pre><code>sudo quotaon</code></pre>
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<p>Quota prüfen:
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<pre><code>sudo quotaon -p -a</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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Dateien anlegen:
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<pre><code>~$ for i in $(seq 20); do touch "/quota/share/file_$i"; done</code></pre>
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<pre class="fragment"><code>~$ sudo quota USER</code></pre>
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<pre class="fragment"><code>~$ sudo repquota /quota</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section data-transition="slide" data-background="#4d7e65" data-background-transition="convex">
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<h4>Was für Dateisysteme gibt es denn jetzt??</h4>
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</section>
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<section>
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Wir nutzen heutzutage sog. journaling Filesysteme. <br>Jede Operation wird in das „Journal“ geschrieben, ausgeführt, anhand des Journals überprüft.<br> Erlaubt schnelle Konsistenzprüfung nach zB Stromausfall.
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</section>
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<section>
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<p>einige Dateisysteme sehen regelmässige Überprüfung beim Systemstart vor. Passiert nach einer gewisse Anzahl von mounts ( einstellbar mit <code>tune2fs</code>
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)
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<pre><code>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | egrep -i 'check|mount count'</code></pre>
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<p>fsck nur mögl. bei ausgehängten Partitionen. Erzwinge Prüfung d. Systempartition bei Start mit Datei <code>/forcefsck</code>
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</section>
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<section style="font-size: .7em">
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<h4>Dateiysteme</h4>
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">ext2, ext3, ext4
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment "> Ext4 max. Dateigrösse: 16 TByte</li>
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<li class="fragment "> Ext4 max. Partitions-Grösse: 1024 PByte</li>
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</ul></li>
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<li class="fragment ">btrfs
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<ul>
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<li class="fragment ">Snapshots</li>
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<li class="fragment ">Internes RAID</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">grösse lässt sich im Betrieb ändern</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">Subvolumes</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">Datei-Kompression</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">Copy-on-Write: geänd. Daten werden als Kopie geschrieben</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">max 16 Exabyte </li>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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</ul></li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">xfs - speziell für sehr grosse Dateien</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">zfs - gilt als Maßstab; aktuell Lizenz Probleme.</li>
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||||||
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</ul>
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</section>
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|
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||||||
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<section>
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<h4>windows / OSX</h4>
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||||||
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||||||
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<ul>
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||||||
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<li class="">fat32 / vfat - gebr. für SD-Karten / USB Sticks</li>
|
||||||
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<li class="fragment ">exfat - weiterentw. v. vfat - Linux ben. Treiber</li>
|
||||||
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<li class="fragment ">ntfs - Windoes..</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">hfs - OS X - Linux kann lesen, schreiben nur wenn journaling aus</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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||||||
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<section>
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||||||
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<h4>CD / DVD</h4>
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||||||
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||||||
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<ul>
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<li class=" ">iso9660</li>
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||||||
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<li class="fragment ">udf - häufig bei DVDs</li>
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||||||
|
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||||||
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</ul>
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||||||
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</section>
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||||||
|
|
||||||
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<section>
|
||||||
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<h4>Netzwerkdateisysteme</h4>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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<ul>
|
||||||
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<li class="">nfs - Network File System; nur Linux</li>
|
||||||
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<li class="fragment ">smbfs / cifs - Windows- und Samba-Freigaben</li>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">sshfs - Einbindung über SSH erreichbarer Verz.</li>
|
||||||
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<li class="fragment ">coda - wie NFS; selten</li>
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||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
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</section>
|
||||||
|
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||||||
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<section>
|
||||||
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<h4>Spezielle Linux Dateisysteme</h4>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">devpts - /dev/pts/* Pseudeo Terminals ( PTY ); emulieren serielle Schnittstelle</li>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">proc u. sysfs
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
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<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">/proc/ -> der Kernel </li>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">/sys/ -> Zusammenhänge zw. Kernel und Hardware </li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
</li>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">tmpfs - Datenaustausch zw. Programmen</li>
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
</section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<section><h4>swap</h4>
|
||||||
|
Kann auch eine Datei sein:
|
||||||
|
<pre><code>dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile count=1024
|
||||||
|
mkswap /swapfile 1000
|
||||||
|
sync
|
||||||
|
swapon -v /swapfile
|
||||||
|
cat /proc/swaps
|
||||||
|
</code></pre>
|
||||||
|
</section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<section>
|
||||||
|
<h4>Andere</h4>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<ul>
|
||||||
|
<li class=" ">squashfs -> Read Only FS</li>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">loop -> Adapter um gewöhnliche Datei wie eine Block-Device anzusprechen. zB um ein iso zu mounten</li>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">unionfs / aufs /mhddfs -> erlaubt Dateisysteme transparent zu „stapeln“</li>
|
||||||
|
<li class="fragment ">verschlüsselte Dateisysteme</li>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<p class="fragment"><code>cat /proc/filesystems</code></p>
|
||||||
|
</section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<section>
|
||||||
|
<pre><code>man mkfs</code></pre>
|
||||||
|
<pre><code>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdXX</code></pre>
|
||||||
|
</section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<section>Kommentar zu <span style="color: orange">Dual-Boot Systemen</span>:
|
||||||
|
<p>Windoes stop ggfls. in einem Schnellstart-Zustand.
|
||||||
|
<p>Bei Schreib-Zugriff auf Windoes Partition aus Linux kann inkonsistentes Win-Dateisystem die Folge sein.
|
||||||
|
<p style="color:green">Windoes vorher komplett runterfahren!
|
||||||
|
</section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<section>
|
||||||
|
<h4>RAID</h4>
|
||||||
|
<h5>Redundant Array of Independent Disks</h5>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID#Die_gebräuchlichen_RAID-Level_im_Einzelnen">Wikipedia RAID</a>
|
||||||
|
</section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<section><img src="/img/z4yri.jpg"></section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<section>Netzwerke</section>
|
<section>Netzwerke</section>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<section>IP Adressen</section>
|
<section>IP Adressen</section>
|
||||||
|
|||||||
BIN
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BIN
img/suprised-cat.jpg
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 42 KiB |
BIN
img/z4yri.jpg
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BIN
img/z4yri.jpg
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 29 KiB |
@ -82,6 +82,9 @@
|
|||||||
<h3>systemd</h3>
|
<h3>systemd</h3>
|
||||||
<li><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Systemd" target="_blank">Arch Wiki - Systemd</a></li>
|
<li><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Systemd" target="_blank">Arch Wiki - Systemd</a></li>
|
||||||
<li><a href="https://wiki.debian.org/systemd" >Debian.org - Systemd</a></li>
|
<li><a href="https://wiki.debian.org/systemd" >Debian.org - Systemd</a></li>
|
||||||
|
<h3>diverse</h3>
|
||||||
|
<li><a href="ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/knoppix/dvd/">Knoppix</a></li>
|
||||||
|
<li><a href="https://wiki.archlinux.de/title/Image-Erstellung_mit_dd">Nutzung von <code>dd</code> </a></li>
|
||||||
</ul>
|
</ul>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user